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The human
body contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch,
and fibre), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic
acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium,
manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and elements occur in
various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, and
hydroxyapatite), both in the human body and in the plant and animal organisms
that humans eat.
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A
Carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of Carbon, Hydrogen and
Oxygen. It is divided into four chemical groupings: monosaccharide’s,
disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. For example, blood sugar
is the monosaccharide glucose, table sugar is the disaccharide sucrose, and
milk sugar is the disaccharide lactose.
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Fats
consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic
solvents and generally insoluble in water. Fats can be categorized into
saturated fats and unsaturated fats.
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Fat is
needed so your body can absorb the fat soluble vitamins A, S, E, and K.
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Fat may
help your body produce endorphins (natural substances in the brain that produce
pleasurable feelings).
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Minerals
are needed by the body for a number of processes such as breaking down,
digesting and releasing energy from food, strengthening bones, nails and teeth
and regulating fluid and cholesterol in the body.
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The body needs iron
to transport oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Your entire body
needs oxygen to stay healthy and alive. Iron helps because it's important in
the formation of haemoglobin (say:
HEE-muh-glo-bun), which is the part of your red blood cells that carries oxygen
throughout the body.
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Potassium keeps
your muscles and nervous system working properly. Potassium helps make sure the
amount of water is just right between cells and body fluids.
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The stomach is a
large, sack-like organ that releases the gastric acid to digest the food.
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Duodenum(first part
of small intestine), jejunum and ileum (last part of small intestine).
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Pepsin is
secreted by the gastric glands and is responsible for breaking down proteins
into smaller pieces, called polypeptides. Pepsin is secreted in its inactive
form, known as pepsinogen, and is converted into its active form in the acidic
environment of the stomach. Pepsin’s role in breaking protein down into
polypeptides allows enzymes in the small intestines to further break down these
polypeptides into amino acids for use by the body.
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Protein
digestion is initiated by pepsin in the stomach but is finished by proteases in
the small intestines. Proteases are secreted by the pancreas and function to
break down polypeptides, or broken down proteins, into amino acids. Trypsin and
chymotrypsin are the two primary proteases secreted by the pancreas.
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Bile is a
digestive fluid primarily involved in the digestion of fats. Secreted by the
liver andstored in the gallbladder, bile is a complex mixture of bile acids,
potassium and sodium, cholesterol and bilirubin -- a by-product from the
breakdown of red blood cells. In the small intestine, the bile acids break down
dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins into fatty acid.
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Bile - a
digestive chemical that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder,
and secreted into the small intestine.
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Renal
physiology is the study of kidney function, while nephrology is the medical
specialty concerned with kidney diseases.
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The kidneys
secrete a variety of hormones, including erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin.
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The
ventricles contract about 70 times per minute, which represents a person's
pulse rate.
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Blood
pressure, in contrast, is the pressure exerted against the walls of the
arteries.
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Coronary
arteries supply the heart muscle with blood.
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The stars
forming a group that has a recognizable shape is called a constellation. Ursa Major
(The Great Bear) or the saptarshi, Orion(Hunter), Cassiopeia are some examples
of some constellation.
·
Colour of
stars depends on surface temperature, and brightness depends on surface
temperature and size.
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Bones are
not entirely made of calcium, but a mixture of chondroitin sulphate and
hydroxyapatite, the latter making up 70% of a bone.
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Bone cells
release a hormone called osteocalcin. Osteocalcin increases both the insulin
secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of
insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat.
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The
gravitational attraction between Sun and the other celestial bodies keep them
to move around it.
